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Nice article. PES uses 4x ES categories of which one is Provisioning. . Is it worth highlighting that the huge investment in provisioning has used so much land to the extent that the ES categories of Supporting and Regulating are completely overwhelmed. The point is that in the UK, the remnants of the EU CAP are actually a PES System but all that needs done is that Supporting and Regulating services need included in the scope. This means, in Scotland, 19,000 farms and most of rural Scotland could have finance for nature recovery at cost- neutral to the public purse. Of course, this opens the argument 'we can't afford to lose farmland'. So not only is the funding the issue, land supply from existing/competing provisioning areas is a real issue. Even if you asked farmers to have the same income from farming on less of their land, the farming establishment vocally and loudly objects, citing an outlook of food insecurity and poor people struggling to buy food. Of course, the the food value of current farm practice is highly debatable, with, I think, 100,000 hectares of prime land producing cereals for distillers and brewers, and a nice booze tax revenue for HMRC.

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